Archive for the ‘Sociolinguistics’ Category

South Carolina State Senator Robert Ford is trying to outlaw lewd language and profanity.

Thursday, January 29th, 2009

Story here. It notes:

We spoke to Debra Gammons with the Charleston School of Law about freedom of speech.

She reminds that the First Amendment is not absolute. You cannot say whatever you want whenever you want to.

Courts will usually look at where the words were said and who heard them. Children are usually protected.

Not an entirely accurate overview of contemporary First Amendment jurisprudence, to put it mildly. I’m tempted to make some snarky remark about the quality of the law faculty at our in-state competitor, but I’ve been misquoted so many times, I will assume that is what happened here.

The text of the bill Ford introduced is accessible here. It says in part:

“Section 16-15-370.    (A)    It is unlawful for a person in a public forum or place of public accommodation wilfully and knowingly to publish orally or in writing, exhibit, or otherwise make available material containing words, language, or actions of a profane, vulgar, lewd, lascivious, or indecent nature.

(B)    A person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.”

Maybe I have a Con Law treatise lying around someplace that I can send to Senator Ford. And I’ll try hard not to use the eff word in the gift card I enclose.

–Ann Bartow

ETA: Eugene Volokh has a pretty good take on this bill, I have to admit.

What if you plan on e-mailing your professor?

Tuesday, January 27th, 2009

Professor What If has some advice and observations here. Below is an excerpt:

Every time a semester is about to start or has just started, my email box is inundated with “URGENT” pleas from students. Many of the things they are writing about are in fact not urgent at all. Rather, most often the information they seek could be easily found at the campus website. Another common “urgent” type of message relates to the fact they would like to add my class to their schedule AND would like to me to give them special consideration for umpteen different (almost always non-urgent) reasons. So, to those of you out there starting a new semester, before you email your Professors, please consider the following (rather cranky) suggestions:

1. For goodness sake, spell her/his name right! And, on that note, would editing for spelling/grammar kill you?

The conclusion is very trenchant too, and says in pertinent part:

Remember that such correspondence shapes your professor’s impression of you. If you come off as arrogant, demanding, self-centered, selfish, lazy, etc, many professors just might remember this about you. We are, after all, mere mortals.

On the reclamation of sexist slurs.

Friday, January 23rd, 2009

Lauredhel has an extensive post here about language reclamation issues at Hoyden About Town. Below is a short excerpt, but you should read the whole thing!

… As with just about any topic in feminism, when stripped to the bone, reclamation about power. The patriarchal position is that people with power get to set the agenda, control the discourse, define people in pejorative terms, and decide what is or isn’t offensive – not only to themselves, but to others. They place themselves firmly in the subject position, and unilaterally assume the role of making decisions for less powerful people – the objects.

Feminism is about turning that dominance model on its head in every realm, including language. One recurring feature of feminist discussion about pejorative speech is that the person with the lesser power gets to decide what is offensive to them, and that we should be listening to their voices, not those of the dominant group. In the case of sexist language, women have the voices that count, the voices that all need to listen to. For racist speech, women of colour. For classist speech, poor women. For disablist speech, disabled women. For anti-lesbian speech, lesbian women. Fattist speech, fat women. And so on, and so on.

Linguistic reclamation is the re-appropriation of a term used by those in power to demean and disparage those in a less powerful group. One way in which women refuse the object position and reclaim their subjectivity is to take back control of pejorative terms such as “bitch”, “slut”, “chick”, “crone”, and “harridan”. …

Stick To Your Knitting, Mr. Bass

Wednesday, January 14th, 2009

Yahoo has named Carol Bartz (above) as its new chief executive.  Ms. Bartz formerly was an executive at the technology company Autodesk.  This (understandably) made the first page of the Business Day section of today’s New York Times (here). In the article, Carl Bass, the current President and CEO of Autodesk, praised Ms. Bartz’s leadership of Autodesk during the dot-com boom, when technology employees were highly in demand.  Mr. Bass is quoted as saying, “She persevered through that whole period and she deserved credit for it.  She probably had plenty of other opportunities.  She stuck to her knitting and continued to build a great company.”

Huh?  Stuck to her knitting?  Are male executives described as “sticking to their knitting”?  I’m embarrassed for Carl Bass.  

In a 2006 article, the New York Times profiled Ms. Bartz (here):

What Ms. Bartz says she discovered [after graduation from college], however, was that male counterparts and supervisors shook the corporate ladder ever more fiercely with each rung that she and other pioneering women of her generation ascended. But by combining a first-rate mind with hard work and decisive career moves, she managed to duck, bob and weave her way through Silicon Valley’s male-dominated technology industry in the 1980s.

By the early 1990s, Ms. Bartz had become one of the first women to run a large corporation. She garnered accolades from Wall Street and her peers for turning Autodesk into a leading international software company. This spring, Ms. Bartz stepped down as Autodesk’s chief executive, but she remains the executive chairwoman of its board.

Despite her hard-won reputation as an astute businesswoman, Ms. Bartz found herself repeatedly skipped over during a recent meeting of business and political leaders in Washington. The reason was that the men at the table assumed that she was an office assistant, not a fellow executive. “Happens all of the time,” Ms. Bartz says dryly, recalling the incident. “Sometimes I stand up. Sometimes I just ignore it.”

The “stuck to her knitting” comment by Carl Bass strikes me as one of those comments that men think are benign or even complimentary, but they’re not.  They’re sexist and make the speaker into one of those men shaking the corporate ladder as women are trying to climb. Perhaps it is Mr. Bass who needs to tend to his knitting.  In case you’d like to send along favorite pattern, here’s his contact info:  

Mr. Carl Bass 
President and CEO
Autodesk, Inc.
111 McInnis Parkway 
San Rafael, CA 94903
carl.bass@autodesk.com

-Bridget Crawford

 

Teenaged Girls and Dating Related Violence

Saturday, January 3rd, 2009

An article in the NYT entitled “Killings Prompt Efforts to Spot and Reduce Abuse of Teenagers in Dating” [Note on January 4th: That WAS the title when I blogged this yesterday, but this morning the title has been changed to "A Rise in Efforts to Spot Abuse in Youth Dating"] acknowledges, but only tacitly, that girls are overwhelming the victims of boys. It mentions several cases of boys killing girls they were dating. And it comes very close to blaming the victims, in passages like this:

“Few adolescents understand what a healthy relationship looks like,” Dr. Miller said.
Adolescents often mistake the excessive attention of boys as an expression of love, she said.

And this:

Many teenagers, Ms. Berry said, “see the jealousy and protectiveness as ‘Oh, he loves me so much.’ Girls make excuses for it and don’t realize it’s not about love, but it’s about controlling you as a possession.”

Meanwhile, the violent boys are depicted as victims of societal conditioning, as evidenced by this excerpt:

While texting that runs to 200 or 300 messages a day can be a prelude to abusive behavior, William S. Pollack, a Harvard University psychologist and the author of “Real Boys” (1998) and “Real Boys’ Voices” (2000) about boys and masculinity, said his research had found that “usually when adolescent boys get involved with girls, they fall into the societal model which we call ‘macho,’ where they need to show they are the ones in control.”

The sheer number of girls who are physically abused and killed by boys in a dating related context seems to make the phenomena less visible than other kinds of targeted violence. The headline for this article should have specified that its topic was the killing and abuse of GIRLS. The NYT was wrong to de-emphasize the gendered nature of the violent acts the article highlights.

–Ann Bartow

Mocking Sexism or Mocking Feminism?

Tuesday, December 30th, 2008

The text in both ads (for Eram, a French shoe company) says (more or less): “No women’s bodies were exploited in this ad.”

Via Sociological Images.

ETA: Thoughtful response here.

The New York Times Disapproves of Getting Laid

Tuesday, November 25th, 2008

There is a two part series on this topic over at the Language Log.  The first is titled:

No getting laid in the NYT

and compares this passage from the NYT:

“We created the prepaid RushCard,” Simmons says in [an ad], “so everyone will have access to the American dream.” That sounds a little bland for someone with Simmons’s brand-building panache, but recently, in The Economist, Simmons gave his pitch a bit more zing by suggesting (in terms that can only be paraphrased here) that the card has aphrodisiac properties.

The point he was making, however earthily, was that plastic and status are intertwined in contemporary America.

with this passage, covering the same terrain, from The Economist:

The ad is intended for the BET television channel, with a mainly African-American audience, but Mr Simmons says he does not want it to imply that black people are the only poor people in America, or, indeed, that the user is poor at all. “This card is meant to get people laid, get them feeling dignity,” he says.

Arnold Zwicky, author of the post, attributes this to “modesty” on the part of the NYT, and follows up with a much longer post entitled:

Getting laid in the NYT (part 2)

where he writes:

.. [I'm assuming the Economist quoted Simmons accurately — mostly because in the context get laid would be hard to replace by something staider (score, get some, and get lucky would be rough equivalents, but no less colloquial). This is not the place for an essay on ways of talking about sexual connection, but the fact is that different expressions are hardly ever equivalent in context, so that paraphrase really doesn't work. (The re-wording with aphrodisiac is especially lame.) Of course, it's always possible that what Simmons said originally was not "get laid", but something like "get some pussy", and the Economist cleaned things up a bit. But if so, the Times writer wouldn't have known about that.] …

… All of this dodging about is supposed to be in the name of protecting children (though some of it is probably a way of avoiding fines or lawsuits or just objections, which are in turn usually justified as a way of protecting children). The Times occasionally trots out the defense that it is a “family newspaper”, but it’s hard to take that seriously as a characterization of a publication that has no cartoons, no personal-advice columns (like “Ann Landers” or “Dear Abby”), no puzzles for kids, no horoscope, and almost no celebunews. But the Times doesn’t shy away from topics that many people would prefer to shield children from — rape, torture, sexual slavery, suicide, hate crimes, child abuse, serial killings, mass murder, and much more — or even from stories on “intimate” sexual topics, so long as they are treated in neutral language — teenage pregnancy, extramarital sex, oral sex, contraception, abortion, pornography, infertility, erectile disfunction, homosexuality, and so on. Nor should it.

No one should imagine that any children who happen to be reading the Times are being shielded from unpleasant realities and intimate matters. They’re being shielded from bits of language — granted, bits of language, some of which are widely considered to be infused with bad magic. Still, it’s hard to see how things like get laid and porno got pulled into this dark orbit.

You should read the whole thing here.  I’m not sure I agree with Zwicky that the reason some words are used and others are not is to protect children. I think the NYT sends signals about power and privilege when it will accurately quote some people in its pages, but only paraphrase others.  Note who the people that the NYT thinks require editing and translation.

–Ann Bartow

Fight Songs Of Southern Universities

Sunday, November 23rd, 2008

So today I was ruminating on the University of South Carolina’s fight song, called “Step to the Rear,” a fight song in which the only lyrics are “Go Cocks!” Here’s a version played at a football game by The Mighty Sound of the Southeast, but be careful, the visuals might make you seasick. And here is bonus footage of the Gamecock cheer.

Our arch rival Clemson’s fight song is “Hold that Tiger.” I’d recommend a rabies shot first! Okay, technically they call it “Tiger Rag.” But who cares, right? The University of Florida’s main fight song is “The Orange and the Blue.” I guess the title helps students there remember what the school colors are. The University of Miami fight song highlights the fact that football fans there can spell Miami. But Miami probably shouldn’t even be in this post because friends at that school tell me it is too far south to be Southern. The University of Louisville seems to find the entire name of the school too long to pronounce, so it deploys “Fight U of L.” Here is the first stanza:

Fight now for victory and show them
How we sure will win this game
Fight on you Cardinals and prove to them
That we deserve our fame.
Rah, Rah, Rah!
Roll up the score now and beat the foe
So we can give a yell
With a FIGHT! give them all you’ve got
For we are with you U of L.

That “Rah, Rah Rah!” line kind of cracks me up, and the last line, “For we are with you U of L” is a tongue twister. The University of Tennessee seems to have at least two fight songs. I wonder if this confuses the UT band. The first is called “Down the Field.” A second fight song for the University of Tennessee is “Rocky Top”, which speaks quite favorably of moonshine. A fuller if somewhat nasal rendition is here. Note that the second stanza is as follows:

Once there was a girl on rocky top,
Half bear the other half cat.
Wild as a mink, sweet as soda pop,
I still dream about that.

Sexist yes, but it can hardly hold a candle to this excerpt of “Ramblin’ Wreck from Georgia Tech”:

Oh if I had a daughter
I’d dress her in white and gold
And put her on the campus
To cheer the brave and bold
But if I had a son, sir
I tell you what he’d do
He’d yell TO HELL WITH GEORGIA
The way his daddy used to do

The melody of the U of Georgia fight song “Glory, Glory to Ole Georgia” sounds strangely familiar. Then there is this abomination from Florida State University. Blech.

–Ann Bartow

Overused Words and Phrases

Thursday, November 13th, 2008

Lake Superior State University has an annual list overused words. For 2007 they were:

Perfect storm
Webinar
Waterboarding
Organic
Wordsmith/wordsmithing*
Post 9/11
Give back
Author/authored
‘Blank’ is the new ‘Blank’ or ‘X’ is the new ‘Y’
Surge
Black Friday
Back in the day
Decimate
Random
Sweet
Emotional
Pop
It is what it is
Under the bus

*Oh, the irony.

Via. And…

Top Ten Most Annoying Phrases according to Oxford University

1 – At the end of the day
2 – Fairly unique
3 – I personally
4 – At this moment in time
5 – With all due respect
6 – Absolutely
7 – It’s a nightmare
8 – Shouldn’t of
9 – 24/7
10 – It’s not rocket science

Via.

AutoAdmit Lawsuit Update

Saturday, November 8th, 2008

Here, from Leiter.

Wikipedia and Feminism

Wednesday, October 22nd, 2008

As of this past September, Wikipedia has been cited by U.S. courts almost 300 times,  according to Lee Peoples’ new article, The Citation of Wikipedia in American Judicial Opinions. It’s frightening to think that judges are according wikipedia so much authority, given how little oversight most entries get. Many entries on feminism have been written or edited by people who are actively hostile toward feminists, but they prevail because they seem to have a lot of free time and the few feminists who enter the wikifray seem to get driven out or edited intro oblivion.  To take just one example, the entry about Melissa Farley has been heavily edited by a rabid pornography proponent who sometimes uses the pseudonym Iamcuriousblue. He also shows up numerous times in the edits to the Catharine MacKinnon entry and virtually every place feminism is mentioned. That any judge, or anyone generally, would think these accounts of feminism are unbiased or authoritative is truly scary.  See generally. (”If an admin has a political or personal agenda, he can do a fair amount of damage with the special editing tools available to him. The victim may not even find out that this is happening until it’s too late. From Wikipedia, the material is spread like a virus by search engines and other scrapers, and the damage is amplified by orders of magnitude. There is no recourse for the victim, and no one can be held accountable. Once it’s all over the web, no one has the power to put it back into the bottle.”)  Here’s another example.

–Ann Bartow

Guest Post by Nick J. Sciullo: On Womyn and Humyn With A “Y”

Friday, October 10th, 2008

This story is a story of the law review process and one scholar’s attempt to do something, anything, about the patriarchal underpinnings of law schools, law, and legal thoughts. My ideas on feminism have not always been well tolerated and include alternate spellings (womyn and humyn with a “y”). In law school, I wrote exams and research papers utilizing those spelling conventions and while I’m not sure if it was ever accepted by my professors; I did make it out of law school to tell my tale. Not too long ago, I published a feminist criticism of the 2002 Farm Bill with the Whittier Law Review, where I was able to address my ideas in a more scholarly manner. That article was graciously mentioned on this very blog.

The alternative spelling debate has made its way into both the popular and academic press. It might still be radical, but it’s becoming an increasingly debatable and debated issue. These are the discussions we need to have: How does language constitute our reality and what in-roads can we make to question the implications language has on issues of race, gender, class, and sexual identity?

I went out on the journal circuit again with a provocative (at least I’d like to think so!) piece on critical race theory, identity politics, and rhetorical theory entitled, “Conversations with the Law: Irony, Hyperbole and Identity Politics or Sake Pase? Wyclef Jean, Shottas, and Haitian Jack – A Hip-Hop Creole Fusion of Rhetorical Resistance to the Law.” It was a really fun piece to write and something to which I devoted countless hours, days, and weeks. It was accepted by several journals, over two years ago. I ultimately chose, rejecting some great offers, to publish with the Seton Hall Sports and Entertainment Law Journal because the Articles Editor was incredibly enthusiastic about the piece. It’s not every day that one receives a response from a journal that goes beyond the “we accept” or “we reject” stump speech.

Problems started almost immediately however. The editorial process was slow to say the least. Two years and what seemed like three editorial boards passed and no publication, but I eventually started to make progress this year and it seemed like the article would be coming this Winter. “This is great,” I said to myself, “I’m finally going to have this article out the door at a journal that was enthusiastic about my piece and hopefully I’ll make at least some minor waves in the legal academy.” Unfortunately, events didn’t quite play out like that.

I found the Journal difficult with which to work and lacking in an appreciation for feminist jurisprudence and critical race theory. I utilized “womyn” and “humyn” in my writing in approximately 5-7 places in a 50-page manuscript, citing my previous article, which explains my use of this spelling convention. I wasn’t forcing anyone to accept my views, but I did expect as a scholar, and as an individual with subjective worth, for my philosophical persuasions to be taken seriously.

My alternate spelling was flatly refused. I don’t dispute that it’s not standard spelling. I’m pretty sure that’s obvious to us all. The Journal was unwilling to bend in the least. Instead of asking me to explain why my position was valid, I was asked to explain why the journal uses standard spelling, making the Editorial Board’s misguided case for them. I was willing to work with the Editorial Board to replace “womyn and men” with “society” or “persons.” I knew comprise could happen, so I retorted by making the edits.

When I made these edits, I did indicate that the changes in my writing and any resulting awkwardness were a result of the demands of the Journal, which I viewed as an instance of rhetorical violence. I was being censored and the only reason I was receiving was “tradition, tradition, tradition.” As you can imagine, I was not pleased with this tired law school refrain. I thought we had come to a compromise and that it was not inappropriate to call a journal to task for their rhetorical choices. As scholars and/or practitioners we’re asked to do just that on a regular basis. When someone advocates strongly for a position they should be ready for vehement opposition. It’s the nature of advocacy. I was ready for it, but I wasn’t ready to have my voice silenced.

That was the proverbial straw that broke the camel’s back and the end of my publication contract with the journal. I attempted to rewrite the note, easing my criticism of the journal, but that revision was flatly ignored.

It was a truly depressing exchange and really shook my confidence that horizons across the board were broadening. Law school is a wonderful time to not only study the law, but to study what doesn’t make sense in our legal world, and think about what one can do to make the law better.

There’s no right or wrong feminism and there’s never going to be a time where everyone self-identifies as feminist. That’s okay, but we need to work with that and say, “Let’s at least be open to these discussions and not suppress them even if we’re inclined, for whatever reason, to disagree.” We mustn’t adhere to the same jurisprudential theories, but we ought to be supportive of allowing a scholarly exchange that opens up rhetorical space, not closes it off.

–Nick J. Sciullo

“That Nucular Thing”

Sunday, October 5th, 2008

Or, why picking on Sarah Palin’s speech patterns is wrong.

Who is the good Democrat? Him? Or me?

Friday, September 19th, 2008

In a column entitled “Sarah Palin Naked” Michael Seitzman writes:

I realized three things tonight. For one, if you are a McCain/Palin/Bush voter, you and I do not have a difference of opinion. We have a difference in brain power. Two, she really is as ignorant as I feared. And, three, she really is kinda hot. Basically, I want to have sex with her on my Barack Obama sheets while my wife reads aloud from the Constitution. (My wife is cool with this if I promise to “first wipe off Palin’s tranny makeup.” I married well.)

But this is not at all sexist, says Michael Seitzman, and in a follow up column entitled “Sexist? Not So Fast” he schools us dumb feminist bitches on what sexism is, since he’s so much smarter and more knowledgeable about sexism than we are, writing:

I wrote something that a few people call offensive in a post of mine today. Granted, it’s pretty offensive. But if you think I’m going to apologize for it, you’re out of your mind. In case you missed it, the offending line is, “I want to have sex with her [Palin] on my Barack Obama sheets while my wife reads aloud from the Constitution.” In my business there’s an old expression, “Never cut funny.” And, excuse me, but that one’s kinda funny. The debate over whether I’m sexist is somewhat more serious.

“Sexism” is discrimination or unfairly diminishing someone based on gender. I haven’t discriminated against Sarah Palin based on her gender and I haven’t diminished her based on it. She’s diminished based on her intellect and experience and hubris and because they’re using her gender in such a crass and cynical manner. I’m discriminating against her based on that fact and that she has as much business on the national political stage as Alice from the Brady Bunch.

I don’t give a damn whether Palin has a penis or a vagina. When I wrote about Hillary Clinton during the primary I didn’t comment on her gender. I don’t care about her gender. Let me point out that I wrote an entire movie about sexual harassment (North Country — click on the link over there on the right side of your screen). Don’t you get it? I’m not insulting Sarah Palin, SHE IS INSULTING ME.

I wondered why I found the movie North Country so terrible, and its portrayals of women so hackneyed, offensive and false, and now I know.  It was written by a man who degrades and diminishes a woman he disagrees with as someone with “tranny make up” who he wants to “have sex with” and he belligerently denies that is sexist. He claims not to care “whether Palin has a penis or a vagina” but I’m thinking that given he has said he wants to have sex with her, he’s lying. To further illustrate how incredibly un-sexist he is, Seitzman follows up with this appalling observation:

Imagine for a moment that McCain had picked the latest winner of The Bachelor as his running mate. Would we be sexist if we commented on her looks? Of course not. Sorry if you don’t like it, but in my mind, there’s not much that separates Sarah Palin from the attractive yet vapid winner of a reality show. As far as I’m concerned, she IS the attractive yet vapid winner of a reality show.

I do not want to share a political affiliation with Michael Seitzman. If writing things like this makes him a good Democrat, I’m so out of the party. And I know I am not alone.

–Ann Bartow

Lipstick on a Pig

Friday, September 12th, 2008

Time recently published ‘A Brief History Of: ‘Putting Lipstick on a Pig” noting that many politicians have used it publicly, including Barack Obama, John McCain, Dick Cheney, and both John and Elizabeth Edwards.

The Urban Dictionary’s definition of “lipstick on a pig” is:

slang for when someone tries to dress something up, but is still that something. usually used on ugly broads, when they put on a skirt and some lipstick and well, they still look like the same digusting pig.

–Ann Bartow

On Palin: Traps for the Unweary

Friday, September 5th, 2008

I’ve got a couple posts over at The Faculty Lounge explaining why I don’t support Sarah Palin.  (coupled with the video Ann’s got below!!)  Here’s one:

Thoughts on Palin: Religious Politics and Book Bans

Banned_booksReligious beliefs apparently played a significant role in shaping Sara Palin’s political agenda as Mayor of Wassila, Alaska, including her attempt to ban library books that she considered socially or morally objectionable, or that contained “inappropriate language.”  Politico, Time Magazine, and The New York Times each picked up the story this week.

It is unclear which books she found so offensive, but she reportedly asked the local library director outright if she “could live with censorship of library books.”  Palin later dismissed the conversation as a “rhetorical exercise” and apparently did not push the ban from there.

I don’t know . . . if all of this is true, wouldn’t that make her both irrational and ineffective?

I thought of uploading Palin’s picture next to the banned books to draw readers to the content and reinforce my underlying point: book banning is bad, Palin wants to ban books, don’t vote for Sarah Palin.

But I chose not to, knowing that Palin’s picture is more likely to inspire this conclusion: Palin is a woman, Palin wants to ban books, don’t vote for women.

Society has so little practice in viewing women as individuals, its difficult to imagine that our criticism of Palin won’t be interpreted in outside circles, at least subconsciously, as an indictment against female politicians generally – or women generally for that matter. And her picture, a visual reminder that yes, in fact, she is a woman, would only reinforce those generalizations.

Heck, picture or no picture, I already called out Palin for being irrational and wonder now whether I’ve fallen into the very trap I sought to avoid.

-Kathleen A. Bergin

Testation, Testicles and Ritual Practice

Tuesday, August 26th, 2008

Today in Wills, Trusts & Estates class, we discussed the difference between dying testate (with a will) and intestate (without one).  We talked about the origins of the word testation, which the OED gives as “from test{amac}r{imac}to witness, make a will.” 

Linguistics scholarship doesn’t usually cross over into T&E, but the work of my fabulous and brilliant friend Joshua T. Katz, Professor of Classics and Director of the Program in Linguistics at Princeton University, certainly bears on today’s subject matter.  I quote from Katz’s 1998 article, Testimonia Ritus Italici: Male Genetalia, Solemn Declarations, and a New Latin Sound Law (it’s a long quote, but worth it):

Latin presents a striking example of polysemy in the word testis, which, as is well-known, means both ‘witness’ and ‘testicle.’ No one has ever seriously doubted that the divergence in sense arises from semantic split rather than phonological merger, but the nature of this interesting clash has received little attention in the scholarly literature. That there is virtually no discussion of how to account for it is all the more surprising in view of the interest many Classicists show in sexual themes (as well, of course, as in law) and the status of testis in its primary meaning, ‘witness,’ as a Paradebeispiel of cultural significance in Indo-European etymological studies. Evidence for a general societal nexus of oaths and testicles can be adduced from Greece and the Ancient Near East; the immediate key, however, is to be found on Italian soil, but in Umbrian rather than Roman ritual practice. In this context I shall put forth a new Italic sound law that provides an etymology for both the crucial Umbrian hapax urfetaand four Latin words of hitherto obscure origin. * * * 

The derivation of testis ‘witness’ from something like *terstis and ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European compound meaning ’standing as third’ (cf. tres, tri-/ter- and stare) is famous and needs no lengthy defense here. * * * As for the semantic development, the Romans themselves are usually said to have understood how to connect the number three with the passive role of an onlooker (and, often, his subsequent status as witness in a court of law): as support for the original meaning of testis as ‘qui se tient en tiers.’  * * *

[Katz then quotes an excerpt from the 3rd Century Iguvine Tablets.] The Umbrian noun urfeta [in the quoted context] must mean ‘testicles.’ Regardless of the word’s etymology, to which I shall return, this is the only translation that makes sense.  When as part of an archaic ritual an officiant must go through so careful a procedure – holding something in his hand while intoning three times a solemn utterance, a specific formulation, at the sacrifice of a bull-calf to Jupiter – it is reasonable to imagine that the manipulated object shows up in other and similar archaic ceremonies elsewhere. The only candidate is the male genitalia; we can be quite certain that it is not a cake! Just as the “detail singulier” of Greek homicide trials is the testicular oath, so is “[o]ne noteworthy feature of the present ritual … the disk or wheel (urfeta) which the priest holds in his hand when he dedicates the victim.” Given the lack of any overt specification of whose urfeta are being held, it is possible that they are “yours,” that is, those of the Umbrian officiant or suppliant. This would make the dedication very much like the Biblical and rather less like the Athenian oath. Since, however, the man refers to the sacrificial animal with a deictic pronoun (estu vitlu ‘hunc/istum uitulum; this calf’), it is likely that he is actually holding the calf’s testicles. Whatever the case may be, two differences between the Umbrian ritual and the Athenian oath-sacrifice are that in Italy the animal is still alive (and even intact) and that here – again as in the Biblical Near East – the urfeta are in hand, not underfoot. Nevertheless, it is clear that the essential meaning of such acts is always the same: a ceremony that mandates contact with the male organs of procreation is a “religious” experience, that is, a matter of life and death.

The Latin form testis is only a word; it is not a fine description of the kind we see in Athens or Gubbio. It cannot tell us what exactly the pre- or early Romans did with testicles on solemn occasions. But I hope to have demonstrated that the semantic development of testis from ‘witness’ to ‘testicle’ is not so much a slangy personification as a consequence of ritual practice. 

As I explained this to my students, several students misheard my explanation of ancient oath-taking while “gripping” the testicles as “ripping” testicles.  Luckily a confident student asked for a clarification.   

-Bridget Crawford

“Straight in a Gay World”

Sunday, July 27th, 2008

Essay by a straight man who worked at a gay organization about what he learned from the experience.

Nervous Nellie Was Not a Woman

Monday, July 21st, 2008

Today I found myself using the descriptor “Nervous Nellie” in an attempt to self-deprecate when reminding a colleague to do something (as in, “I’m probably being a Nervous Nellie, but I just wanted to check whether you had done …”).  That got me thinking.  Who was Nervous Nellie, and why did it have to be a woman who was nervous?  So I consulted one of my favorite procrastination devices, the Oxford English Dictionary.  Here’s what the OED had to say:

Nervous Nellie n. [popularized by use in U.S. politics, esp. as applied to Frank B. Kellogg (1856-1937), U.S. politician.] slang (chiefly U.S.) an overly timid, cautious, or fearful person; one who fusses unnecessarily.

Nervous Nellie aka Frank Kellogg (above left) was not a woman, as I feared.  Whew!  I breathed a sigh of relief.  But wait, is that misogyny lurking?  The original Nervous Nellie was a man, called by a woman’s name to put him down because he exhibited “womanly” traits such as timidity, caution and fear.   So to call a man a “Nervous Nellie” is to deride him as unmasculine, non-conforming to gender expectations.  To call a woman (or to call myself) a “Nervous Nellie” is to deride her for conforming too closely to gender expectations of the weak female.  I used a sexist remark to describe myself?!  Not part of my self-development plan at all.

Off I went looking for further information on Frank B. Kellogg.  I found this in the Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress:  he was a United States Senator from Minnesota, Calvin Coolidge’s Secretary of State, an Associate Judge of the Permanent Court for International Justice and the winner of the 1929 Nobel Peace Prize.  Seems like being a “Nervous Nellie” wasn’t such a bad thing after all.  Maybe I should embrace my inner Nervous Nellie.

-Bridget Crawford

From The Department of: “Anonymous” Was Usually A Woman

Saturday, July 12th, 2008

This NYT article reports controversy over the authorship of the Serenity Prayer. Below is an excerpt:

… For more than 70 years, the composer of the prayer was thought to be the Protestant theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, one of modern Christianity’s towering figures. Niebuhr, who died in 1971, said he was quite sure he had written it, and his wife, Ursula, also a prominent theologian, dated its composition to the early 1940s.

His daughter Elisabeth Sifton, a book editor and publisher, wrote a book about the prayer in 2003 in which she described her father first using it in 1943 in an “ordinary Sunday service” at a church in the bucolic Massachusetts town of Heath, where the Niebuhr family spent summers.

Now, a law librarian at Yale, using new databases of archival documents, has found newspaper clippings and a book from as far back as 1936 that quote close versions of the prayer. The quotations are from civic leaders all over the United States — a Y.W.C.A. leader in Syracuse, a public school counselor in Oklahoma City — and are always, interestingly, by women.